Home  ›  Are the National Parks Open Again After the Government Shutdown?

Are the National Parks Open Again After the Government Shutdown?

Written By Wednesday, March 23, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Park used for conservation purposes of creature life and plants

A national park is a natural park in utilise for conservation purposes, created and protected by national governments. Oft information technology is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or adult land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a mutual thought: the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.[1]

The United States established the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people", Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.[2] Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" in its establishing law, it was e'er termed such in do[three] and is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. Nevertheless, the Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve (in what is now Trinidad and Tobago; established in 1776),[4] and the expanse surrounding Bogd Khan Uul Mount (Mongolia, 1778), which were restricted from tillage in order to protect surrounding farmland, are seen as the oldest legally protected areas.[five] [6]

An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), has divers "National Park" as its Category Ii blazon of protected areas.[7] According to the IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park.[eight]

National parks are almost always open to visitors.[9]

Definitions [edit]

In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics:[12]

  • One or several ecosystems not materially contradistinct past human exploitation and occupation, where institute and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest or which incorporate a natural landscape of keen dazzler;
  • Highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation as presently as possible in the whole area and to finer enforce the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which accept led to its establishment; and
  • Visitors are allowed to enter, nether special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.

In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and divers benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include:

  • Minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence
  • Statutory legal protection
  • Upkeep and staff sufficient to provide sufficient effective protection
  • Prohibition of exploitation of natural resources (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, hunting, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.

While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Surface area Management Definition, for instance:[nine] [thirteen]

  • Swiss National Park, Switzerland: IUCN Ia – Strict Nature Reserve
  • Everglades National Park, United States: IUCN Ib – Wilderness Area
  • Koli National Park, Finland: IUCN II – Surface Area
  • Victoria Falls National Park, Zimbabwe: IUCN III – National Monument
  • Vitosha National Park, Bulgaria: IUCN IV – Habitat Management Area
  • New Forest National Park, United Kingdom: IUCN Five – Protected Landscape
  • Etniko Ygrotopiko Parko Delta Evrou, Greece: IUCN Vi – Managed Resource Protected Expanse

While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia, with the exception of six national parks, national parks are run by state governments and predate the Federation of Australia; similarly, national parks in the netherlands are administered by the provinces.[9] In Canada, there are both national parks operated by the federal government and provincial or territorial parks operated by the provincial and territorial governments, although nearly all are nonetheless national parks by the IUCN definition.[xiv]

In many countries, including Indonesia, the netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks.[nine]

Terminology [edit]

As many countries practice not attach to the IUCN definition, the term "national park" may be used loosely. In the Great britain, and in another countries such as Taiwan, a "national park" merely describes a full general area that is relatively undeveloped, scenic, and attracts tourists. At that place may be substantial human settlements within the bounds of a national park.

Conversely, parks that run into the criteria may be not be referred to as "national parks". Terms like "preserve" or "reserve" may be used instead.

History [edit]

Early references [edit]

Starting in 1735 the Naples government undertook laws in social club to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a game reserve past the royal family unit; Procida was the first protected site;[15] the deviation betwixt the many previous regal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve,[16] is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-twenty-four hour period wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves.

In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake Commune as a "sort of national property, in which every human has a right and interest who has an middle to perceive and a heart to enjoy."[17] The painter George Catlin, in his travels through the American West, wrote during the 1830s that Native Americans in the U.s. might be preserved "(past some not bad protecting policy of government) ... in a magnificent park ... A nation'south Park, containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature'south beauty!"[xviii]

Starting time efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley [edit]

The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 Apr 1832, when President Andrew Jackson signed legislation that the 22nd U.s. Congress had enacted to ready aside four sections of country around what is now Hot Springs, Arkansas, to protect the natural, thermal springs and bordering mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government.[xix] [20] [21] It was known equally Hot Springs Reservation, but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the expanse was non conspicuously established until 1877.[19] The work of important leaders who fought for beast and land conservation were essential in the evolution of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and Outset Lady, Lady Bird Johnson to name a few.[22]

John Muir is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite.[23] He published 2 influential articles in The Century Magazine, which formed the base of operations for the subsequent legislation.[24] [25]

President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on i July 1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of behemothic sequoias (later condign Yosemite National Park) to the state of California. Co-ordinate to this bill, private ownership of the land in this surface area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to 10 years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public give-and-take followed this first legislation of its kind and at that place was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite past the Californian land was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national command at its establishment vi years after.[26] [27]

Offset national park: Yellowstone [edit]

In 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established every bit the Us' first national park,[28] being likewise the world'southward start national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set bated for royalty, such as a role of the Woods of Fontainebleau (French republic, 1861).[29]

Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal regime took on direct responsibleness for the park, the official first national park of the Usa. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the Northern Pacific Railroad ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Theodore Roosevelt and his group of conservationists, the Boone and Crockett Club, were agile campaigners and were highly influential in convincing swain Republicans and big business to back the pecker. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as information technology was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the expanse. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Social club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Regime'due south purview.

American Pulitzer Prize-winning author Wallace Stegner wrote: "National parks are the best idea nosotros ever had. Admittedly American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our all-time rather than our worst."[thirty]

International growth of national parks [edit]

The first area to utilize "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'south Mackinac National Park, in 1875. (The area was afterwards transferred to the state's authorization in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status.[31] [32])

Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, at that place soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what is at present Royal National Park was established just south of Sydney, Colony of New South Wales, on 26 April 1879, condign the world'southward second official national park[33] Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Regal National Park is, by some considerations, the 2d oldest national park now in existence.[32] [34] [35]

Banff National Park became Canada's first national park in 1885. New Zealand established Tongariro National Park in 1887.

In Europe, the first national parks were a set of ix parks in Sweden in 1909, followed by the Swiss National Park in 1914. Africa's offset national park was established in 1925 when Albert I of Belgium designated an area of what is now Democratic Democracy of Congo centred on the Virunga Mountains as the Albert National Park (since renamed Virunga National Park). In 1926, the regime of Southward Africa designated Kruger National Park equally the nation's showtime national park, although it was an expansion of the before Sabie Game Reserve established in 1898 by President Paul Kruger of the old S African Democracy, after whom the park was named. Argentina became the tertiary country in the Americas to create a national park system, with the creation of the Nahuel Huapi National Park in 1934, through the initiative of Francisco Moreno.[ commendation needed ]

Later World War Two, national parks were founded all over the globe. The Great britain designated its commencement national park, Peak Commune National Park, in 1951. This followed perhaps seventy years of pressure level for greater public access to the landscape. Past the finish of the decade a further 9 national parks had been designated in the Uk.[36] Europe has some 359 national parks equally of 2010.[ commendation needed ] The Vanoise National Park in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a touristic project.

Viru bog in the Lahemaa National Park, Estonia, before sunrise

In 1971, Lahemaa National Park in Estonia was the starting time area to be designated a national park in the former Soviet Union.

In 1973, Mount Kilimanjaro was classified as a National Park and was opened to public admission in 1977.[37]

In 1989, the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve (QNNP) was created to protect iii.381 million hectares on the due north slope of Mount Everest in the Tibet Autonomous Region of Cathay. This national park is the first major global park to accept no divide warden and protection staff—all of its management being washed through existing local authorities, allowing a lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected surface area in Asia). It includes iv of the six tallest mountains in the world: Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, and Cho Oyu. The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transborder conservation area equal in size to Switzerland.[38]

National parks services [edit]

The world'south first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada.[39] [twoscore] The Dominion Woods Reserves and Parks Human action placed the rule parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Co-operative (now Parks Canada), inside the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational feel, centred on the idea of the natural globe providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting.[41] Canada now has the largest protected area in the globe with 450,000 km2 of national park space.[42]

Fifty-fifty with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, some other 44 years passed earlier an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S. National Park Service (NPS). The 64th U.s.a. Congress passed the National Park Service Organic Human activity, which President Woodrow Wilson signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of the 423 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, just 63 carry the designation of National Park.[43]

Notable parks [edit]

The largest national park in the globe meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974 and is 972,000 km2 (375,000 sq mi) in area.

The smallest official national park in the earth is Isles des Madeleines National Park. Its area of just 0.45 foursquare kilometres (0.17 sq mi) was established as a national park in 1976.[44]

Economic ramifications [edit]

Countries with a large ecotourism industry, such as Costa rica, oftentimes feel a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole.[45]

Tourism [edit]

Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Republic of costa rica for example, a megadiverse country, tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999.[45] The term national park is perceived every bit a make name that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural surround with a well-designed tourist infrastructure".[46]

Staff [edit]

The duties of a park ranger are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of Federal park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the evolution and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the do good of the visiting public. Park rangers also have burn fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include heritage estimation to disseminate data to visitors of general, historical, or scientific data. Management of resources such as wildlife, lake shores, seashores, forests, celebrated buildings, battlefields, archaeological properties, and recreation areas are too office of the job of a park ranger.[47] Since the institution of the National Park Service in the U.s. in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from simply existence a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with police enforcement.[48] They control traffic and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/inroad, and accidents.[47]

Criticisms [edit]

While national parks are often seen as positive ecology service, many authors have discussed the darker side of its history. National parks were created by individuals who felt that pristine, natural sections of nature should be fix aside and preserved from urban development. In America, this movement came well-nigh during the Slap-up American Frontier and were meant to be monuments to America's true history.[49] Yet the lands that were to be fix aside and protected were already being inhabited by native communities. Then residents of these areas were removed and set bated to create "pristine" sites for public consumption. The removal of people from national parks enhanced the conventionalities that nature can only be protected when humans do not exist within it. This view has perpetuated the dichotomy between nature and humans (also known as the nature-culture divide). This could also be seen equally a form of eco-land grabbing.[50] The other proposed issue is with the public's consumption of these areas. Tourism in national parks became an activity for the elite (college economic classes), with individuals traveling to these areas to capture images and be renewed by the environment. This ignores the nature that exists around people every day, and that tourism can actually negatively impact the areas that are beingness visited.[51]

See also [edit]

  • List of national parks – past land
  • Lists of tourist attractions
  • Conservation ecology
  • Conservation movement
  • Conservation park (disambiguation)
  • Federal lands (United States)
  • Fossil park
  • Global Geoparks Network
  • International Park
  • National monument
  • National Park Foundation
  • Provincial park
  • State park
  • Sustainable development
  • United nations Environment Programme
  • Globe Database on Protected Areas

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Europarc Federation (eds.) 2009, Living Parks, 100 Years of National Parks in Europe, Oekom Verlag, München
  2. ^ "Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920". memory.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017.
  3. ^ Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park for the Year 1872 Archived three April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 43rd Congress, 3rd Session, ex. doc. 35, quoting Department of Interior letter of 10 May 1872, "The reservation and then gear up apart is to exist known as the "Yellowstone National Park"."
  4. ^ "Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve". UNESCO. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  5. ^ Hardy, U. (9 April 2017). "The ten Oldest National Parks in the World". The CultureTrip. Retrieved 21 Dec 2017.
  6. ^ Bonnett, A. (2016). The Geography of Nostalgia: Global and Local Perspectives on Modernity and Loss. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN978-i-315-88297-0.
  7. ^ "Category II: National Park". IUCN. five February 2016.
  8. ^ "History of the National Parks". Association of National Park Authorities. Archived from the original on 21 Apr 2013. Retrieved 12 Nov 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d Gissibl, B., S. Höhler and P. Kupper, 2012, Civilizing Nature, National Parks in Global Historical Perspective, Berghahn, Oxford
  10. ^ "History of Koli National Park". Nationalparks.fi . Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  11. ^ Jane Levere (29 August 2011). "The Globe'southward Virtually Beautiful National Parks". Forbes. Archived from the original on 1 Oct 2011. Retrieved iv Oct 2011.
  12. ^ Gulez, Sumer (1992). A method of evaluating areas for national park status.
  13. ^ European Environment Agency Protected areas in Europe – an overview Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Motorcar In: EEA Study No 5/2012 Kopenhagen: 2012 ISBN 978-92-9213-329-0 ISSN 1725-9177 pdf doi=10.2800/55955
  14. ^ John S. Marsh, "Provincial Parks," in The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica Canada, 2018‑05‑thirty), [accessed 2020‑02‑18].
  15. ^ Angela de Sario. "La "Regia Caccia" Di Torre Guevara Nel Settecento" (PDF). Fondazionecariforli.it . Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  16. ^ Museo privato Agriturismo Maria Sofia di Borbone, Azienda Agricola Le Tre Querce, Seminara, Calabria, organised past the Written report Centre for Ecology Education in the Mediterranean Area of Reggio, Italy
  17. ^ Wordsworth, William (1835). A guide through the commune of the lakes in the n of England with a clarification of the scenery, &c. for the utilise of tourists and residents (fifth ed.). Kendal, England: Hudson and Nicholson. p. 88. sort of national belongings in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy.
  18. ^ Catlin, George (1841). Messages and Notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the Due north American Indians: written during eight years' travel amidst the wildest tribes of Indians in N America in 1832, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39. Vol. 1. Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London: Published by the author. pp. 261–262. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016.
  19. ^ a b Shugart, Sharon (2004). "Hot Springs of Arkansas Through the Years: A Chronology of Events" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on xiv Apr 2008. Retrieved xxx March 2008.
  20. ^ Peters, Richard, ed. (1866). "Twenty-Second Congress, Session ane, Chap. 70: An Act authorizing the governor of the territory of Arkansas to lease the common salt springs, in said territory, and for other purposes (April twenty, 1832)" (PDF). The Public Statutes at Large of the Us of America from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to 3 March 1845, Treaties, and Proclamations of the Usa of America from December 1863, to December 1865. Vol. 4. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. p. 505. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2011.
  21. ^ "Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)". Our Documents.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved ix Jan 2016.
  22. ^ "Mission & History". National Park Foundation . Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  23. ^ Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). John Muir. Gareth Stevens. p. ten. ISBN978-0836883183.
  24. ^ John Muir. "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park" Archived ii November 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Century Magazine, Vol. XL. September 1890. No. 5
  25. ^ John Muir. "The Treasures of the Yosemite" Archived ii November 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Century Magazine, Vol. Twoscore. August 1890. No. 4
  26. ^ Adam Wesley Dean. Natural Glory in the Midst of War: The Establishment of Yosemite State Park In: Abstract. Civil State of war History, Volume 56, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 386–419 | 10.1353/cwh.2010.0008
  27. ^ Sanger, George P., ed. (1866). "Xxx-Eighth Congress, Session i, Chap. 184: An Deed authorizing a Grant to the Land of California of the "Yo-Semite Valley" and of the Land embracing the "Mariposa Big Tree Grove" (June 30, 1864)" (PDF). 38th United States Congress, Session i, 1864. In: The Statutes at Big, Treaties, and Proclamations of the Us from December 1863, to December 1865. Vol. thirteen. Boston: Footling, Brown and Visitor. p. 325. Archived from the original (PDF) on sixteen November 2011.
  28. ^ Mangan, Elizabeth U. Yellowstone, the First National Park from Mapping the National Parks Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Sectionalisation.
  29. ^ Kimberly A. Jones, Simon R. Kelly, Sarah Kennel, Helga Kessler-Aurisch, In the forest of Fontainebleau: painters and photographers from Corot to Monet, National Gallery of Art, 2008, p.23
  30. ^ "Famous Quotes Apropos the National Parks: Wallace Stegner, 1983". Discover History. National Park Service. 16 January 2003. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  31. ^ "Mackinac Island". Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 9 Jan 2016.
  32. ^ a b Kim Allen Scott, 2011 "Robertson'due south Echo The Conservation Ethic in the Establishment of Yellowstone and Royal National Parks" Yellowstone Science nineteen:three
  33. ^ "1879: Australia'south first national park created". National Museum of Commonwealth of australia. Archived from the original on 28 Jan 2016. Retrieved nine January 2016.
  34. ^ "Audley Bottom". Pinkava.asu.edu. Archived from the original on ii Nov 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  35. ^ Rodney Harrison, 2012 "Heritage: Critical approaches" Routledge
  36. ^ "History of our National Park". Tiptop Commune National Park.
  37. ^ "Kilimanjaro: The National Park". Individual Kilimanjaro: About Kilimanjaro. Private Expeditions, Ltd. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  38. ^ Daniel C. Taylor, Carl Eastward. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, Empowerment on an Unstable Planet New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, Chapter 9
  39. ^ "WWF News and Stories". Archived from the original on seven November 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  40. ^ Irish gaelic, Paul (13 May 2011). "Parks Canada celebrates a century of discovery". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on sixteen May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  41. ^ "Parks Canada History". Parks Canada. ii February 2009. Archived from the original on 22 Oct 2016. Retrieved thirty August 2012.
  42. ^ "Parks Canada". Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  43. ^ "National Park System (U.S. National Park Service)". 17 May 2019.
  44. ^ Magdalen Islands (Iles de la Madeleine) in Senegal Archived 26 February 2020 at the Wayback Motorcar, Protected Planet
  45. ^ a b Eagles, Paul F.J. "Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Direction". Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism Volume 10, Issue 2, 2002, p. 134. doi:ten.1080/09669580208667158
  46. ^ Eagles, Paul F.J. "Trends in Park Tourism: Economics, Finance and Management". Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism Book 10, Consequence 2, 2002, p. 133. doi:10.1080/09669580208667158
  47. ^ a b U.S. Part of Personnel Management. Handbook of occupational groups and families. Washington, D.C. Jan 2008. Page xix. OPM.gov Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Accessed ii November 2014.
  48. ^ R Meadows ; D L Soden In: National Park Ranger Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Law Enforcement Issues. Archived iv March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Abstract. Justice Professional Book:3 Issue:i (Spring 1988) Pages:70–93
  49. ^ William., Cronon (1996). Uncommon ground : rethinking the homo place in nature. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN0-393-31511-viii. OCLC 36306399.
  50. ^ Claus, C. Anne (three November 2020). Cartoon the Bounding main Well-nigh. Academy of Minnesota Press. doi:x.5749/j.ctv1bkc3t6. ISBN978-1-4529-5946-7. S2CID 230646912.
  51. ^ Büscher, Bram; Fletcher, Robert (2019). "Towards Convivial Conservation". Conservation and Gild. 17 (3): 283. doi:ten.4103/cs.cs_19_75. ISSN 0972-4923. S2CID 195819004.

Sources [edit]

  • Eagles, Paul F. J; McCool, Stephen F. (2002). Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning and Management. CABI. ISBN0851997597. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) 320 pages.
  • Sellars, Richard Westward (2009). Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0300154146. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) 404 pages.
  • Sheail, John (2010) Nature's Spectacle - The World'due south First National Parks and Protected Places Earthscan, London, Washington. ISBN 978-1-84971-129-6

External links [edit]

  • "Areas of Biodiversity Importance: National Parks". Biodiversity A-Z. Archived from the original on xvi May 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  • "Europe's protected areas". EUROPARC Federation.
  • "FAQs". U.S. National Park Service.
  • Macomber, Drew (ten September 2018). "Map of All The World's National Parks". Travel Is Gratuitous.
  • "Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)". UNESCO. vii Jan 2019.
  • "National parks, landscape parks and protected areas in the earth". nighthee.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 11 Baronial 2015.
  • "National Parks Worldwide". amu.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  • "World Database of Protected Areas". Protected Planet.
  • "Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA)". past the Articulation Research Centre of the European Commission.
  • "World Heritage Sites". UNESCO.

weaverpinuplanst.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park

0 Response to "Are the National Parks Open Again After the Government Shutdown?"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel